Python Documentation contents¶
- What’s New in Python
- What’s New In Python 3.2
- PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI
- PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module
- PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging
- PEP 3148: The
concurrent.futures
module - PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories
- PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files
- PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1
- Other Language Changes
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- elementtree
- functools
- itertools
- collections
- threading
- datetime and time
- math
- abc
- io
- reprlib
- logging
- csv
- contextlib
- decimal and fractions
- ftp
- popen
- select
- gzip and zipfile
- tarfile
- hashlib
- ast
- os
- shutil
- sqlite3
- html
- socket
- ssl
- nntp
- certificates
- imaplib
- http.client
- unittest
- random
- poplib
- asyncore
- tempfile
- inspect
- pydoc
- dis
- dbm
- ctypes
- site
- sysconfig
- pdb
- configparser
- urllib.parse
- mailbox
- turtledemo
- Multi-threading
- Optimizations
- Unicode
- Codecs
- Documentation
- IDLE
- Code Repository
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 3.2
- What’s New In Python 3.1
- What’s New In Python 3.0
- What’s New in Python 2.7
- The Future for Python 2.x
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- Other Language Changes
- New and Improved Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.6
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user
site-packages
Directory - PEP 371: The
multiprocessing
Package - PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105:
print
As a Function - PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- Other Language Changes
- New and Improved Modules
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.6
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.5
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method
- Other Language Changes
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.4
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- Other Language Changes
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.3
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279: enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- Other Language Changes
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.2
- Introduction
- PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
- PEP 234: Iterators
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator
- Unicode Changes
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- New and Improved Modules
- Interpreter Changes and Fixes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.1
- Introduction
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: __future__ Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.0
- Introduction
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- List Comprehensions
- Augmented Assignment
- String Methods
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML Modules
- Module changes
- New modules
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New In Python 3.2
- Python 入门教程
- Python 的安装和使用
- 1. Command line and environment
- 2. 在 Unix 平台上使用 Python
- 3. 在 Windows 上使用 Python
- 4. Using Python on a Macintosh
- Python 语言参考
- 1. 简介
- 2. 词法分析
- 3. 数据模型
- 4. Execution model
- 5. Expressions
- 5.1. Arithmetic conversions
- 5.2. Atoms
- 5.3. Primaries
- 5.4. The power operator
- 5.5. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
- 5.6. Binary arithmetic operations
- 5.7. Shifting operations
- 5.8. Binary bitwise operations
- 5.9. Comparisons
- 5.10. Boolean operations
- 5.11. Conditional expressions
- 5.12. Lambdas
- 5.13. Expression lists
- 5.14. Evaluation order
- 5.15. Summary
- 6. Simple statements
- 6.1. Expression statements
- 6.2. Assignment statements
- 6.3. The
assert
statement - 6.4. The
pass
statement - 6.5. The
del
statement - 6.6. The
return
statement - 6.7. The
yield
statement - 6.8. The
raise
statement - 6.9. The
break
statement - 6.10. The
continue
statement - 6.11. The
import
statement - 6.12. The
global
statement - 6.13. The
nonlocal
statement
- 7. 复合语句
- 8. Top-level components
- 9. Full Grammar specification
- Python 标准库
- 1. 介绍
- 2. 内置函数
- 3. Built-in Constants
- 4. Built-in Types
- 4.1. Truth Value Testing
- 4.2. Boolean Operations —
and
,or
,not
- 4.3. Comparisons
- 4.4. Numeric Types —
int
,float
,complex
- 4.5. Iterator Types
- 4.6. Sequence Types —
str
,bytes
,bytearray
,list
,tuple
,range
- 4.7. Set Types —
set
,frozenset
- 4.8. Mapping Types —
dict
- 4.9. memoryview type
- 4.10. Context Manager Types
- 4.11. Other Built-in Types
- 4.12. Special Attributes
- 5. Built-in Exceptions
- 6. String Services
- 6.1.
string
— Common string operations - 6.2.
re
— Regular expression operations- 6.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax
- 6.2.2. Matching vs Searching
- 6.2.3. Module Contents
- 6.2.4. Regular Expression Objects
- 6.2.5. Match Objects
- 6.2.6. Regular Expression Examples
- 6.2.6.1. Checking For a Pair
- 6.2.6.2. Simulating scanf()
- 6.2.6.3. Avoiding recursion
- 6.2.6.4. search() vs. match()
- 6.2.6.5. Making a Phonebook
- 6.2.6.6. Text Munging
- 6.2.6.7. Finding all Adverbs
- 6.2.6.8. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions
- 6.2.6.9. Raw String Notation
- 6.2.6.10. Writing a Tokenizer
- 6.3.
struct
— Interpret bytes as packed binary data - 6.4.
difflib
— Helpers for computing deltas - 6.5.
textwrap
— Text wrapping and filling - 6.6.
codecs
— Codec registry and base classes - 6.7.
unicodedata
— Unicode Database - 6.8.
stringprep
— Internet String Preparation
- 6.1.
- 7. Data Types
- 7.1.
datetime
— Basic date and time types - 7.2.
calendar
— General calendar-related functions - 7.3.
collections
— Container datatypes - 7.4.
heapq
— Heap queue algorithm - 7.5.
bisect
— Array bisection algorithm - 7.6.
array
— Efficient arrays of numeric values - 7.7.
sched
— Event scheduler - 7.8.
queue
— A synchronized queue class - 7.9.
weakref
— Weak references - 7.10.
types
— Names for built-in types - 7.11.
copy
— Shallow and deep copy operations - 7.12.
pprint
— Data pretty printer - 7.13.
reprlib
— Alternaterepr()
implementation
- 7.1.
- 8. Numeric and Mathematical Modules
- 9. Functional Programming Modules
- 10. File and Directory Access
- 10.1.
os.path
— Common pathname manipulations - 10.2.
fileinput
— Iterate over lines from multiple input streams - 10.3.
stat
— Interpretingstat()
results - 10.4.
filecmp
— File and Directory Comparisons - 10.5.
tempfile
— Generate temporary files and directories - 10.6.
glob
— Unix style pathname pattern expansion - 10.7.
fnmatch
— Unix filename pattern matching - 10.8.
linecache
— Random access to text lines - 10.9.
shutil
— High-level file operations - 10.10.
macpath
— Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
- 10.1.
- 11. Data Persistence
- 11.1.
pickle
— Python object serialization - 11.2.
copyreg
— Registerpickle
support functions - 11.3.
shelve
— Python object persistence - 11.4.
marshal
— Internal Python object serialization - 11.5.
dbm
— Interfaces to Unix “databases” - 11.6.
sqlite3
— DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
- 11.1.
- 12. Data Compression and Archiving
- 13. File Formats
- 13.1.
csv
— CSV File Reading and Writing - 13.2.
configparser
— Configuration file parser- 13.2.1. Quick Start
- 13.2.2. Supported Datatypes
- 13.2.3. Fallback Values
- 13.2.4. Supported INI File Structure
- 13.2.5. Interpolation of values
- 13.2.6. Mapping Protocol Access
- 13.2.7. Customizing Parser Behaviour
- 13.2.8. Legacy API Examples
- 13.2.9. ConfigParser Objects
- 13.2.10. RawConfigParser Objects
- 13.2.11. Exceptions
- 13.3.
netrc
— netrc file processing - 13.4.
xdrlib
— Encode and decode XDR data - 13.5.
plistlib
— Generate and parse Mac OS X.plist
files
- 13.1.
- 14. Cryptographic Services
- 15. Generic Operating System Services
- 15.1.
os
— Miscellaneous operating system interfaces - 15.2.
io
— Core tools for working with streams - 15.3.
time
— Time access and conversions - 15.4.
argparse
— Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands - 15.5.
optparse
— Parser for command line options- 15.5.1. Background
- 15.5.2. Tutorial
- 15.5.3. Reference Guide
- 15.5.3.1. Creating the parser
- 15.5.3.2. Populating the parser
- 15.5.3.3. Defining options
- 15.5.3.4. Option attributes
- 15.5.3.5. Standard option actions
- 15.5.3.6. Standard option types
- 15.5.3.7. Parsing arguments
- 15.5.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser
- 15.5.3.9. Conflicts between options
- 15.5.3.10. Cleanup
- 15.5.3.11. Other methods
- 15.5.4. Option Callbacks
- 15.5.4.1. Defining a callback option
- 15.5.4.2. How callbacks are called
- 15.5.4.3. Raising errors in a callback
- 15.5.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback
- 15.5.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order
- 15.5.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
- 15.5.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
- 15.5.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments
- 15.5.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments
- 15.5.5. Extending
optparse
- 15.6.
getopt
— C-style parser for command line options - 15.7.
logging
— Logging facility for Python - 15.8.
logging.config
— Logging configuration - 15.9.
logging.handlers
— Logging handlers- 15.9.1. StreamHandler
- 15.9.2. FileHandler
- 15.9.3. NullHandler
- 15.9.4. WatchedFileHandler
- 15.9.5. RotatingFileHandler
- 15.9.6. TimedRotatingFileHandler
- 15.9.7. SocketHandler
- 15.9.8. DatagramHandler
- 15.9.9. SysLogHandler
- 15.9.10. NTEventLogHandler
- 15.9.11. SMTPHandler
- 15.9.12. MemoryHandler
- 15.9.13. HTTPHandler
- 15.9.14. QueueHandler
- 15.9.15. QueueListener
- 15.10.
getpass
— Portable password input - 15.11.
curses
— Terminal handling for character-cell displays - 15.12.
curses.textpad
— Text input widget for curses programs - 15.13.
curses.ascii
— Utilities for ASCII characters - 15.14.
curses.panel
— A panel stack extension for curses - 15.15.
platform
— Access to underlying platform’s identifying data - 15.16.
errno
— Standard errno system symbols - 15.17.
ctypes
— A foreign function library for Python- 15.17.1. ctypes tutorial
- 15.17.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries
- 15.17.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls
- 15.17.1.3. Calling functions
- 15.17.1.4. Fundamental data types
- 15.17.1.5. Calling functions, continued
- 15.17.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types
- 15.17.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
- 15.17.1.8. Return types
- 15.17.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
- 15.17.1.10. Structures and unions
- 15.17.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order
- 15.17.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions
- 15.17.1.13. Arrays
- 15.17.1.14. Pointers
- 15.17.1.15. Type conversions
- 15.17.1.16. Incomplete Types
- 15.17.1.17. Callback functions
- 15.17.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls
- 15.17.1.19. Surprises
- 15.17.1.20. Variable-sized data types
- 15.17.2. ctypes reference
- 15.17.1. ctypes tutorial
- 15.1.
- 16. Optional Operating System Services
- 16.1.
select
— Waiting for I/O completion - 16.2.
threading
— Thread-based parallelism - 16.3.
multiprocessing
— Process-based parallelism- 16.3.1. Introduction
- 16.3.2. Reference
- 16.3.2.1.
Process
and exceptions - 16.3.2.2. Pipes and Queues
- 16.3.2.3. Miscellaneous
- 16.3.2.4. Connection Objects
- 16.3.2.5. Synchronization primitives
- 16.3.2.6. Shared
ctypes
Objects - 16.3.2.7. Managers
- 16.3.2.8. Proxy Objects
- 16.3.2.9. Process Pools
- 16.3.2.10. Listeners and Clients
- 16.3.2.11. Authentication keys
- 16.3.2.12. Logging
- 16.3.2.13. The
multiprocessing.dummy
module
- 16.3.2.1.
- 16.3.3. Programming guidelines
- 16.3.4. Examples
- 16.4.
concurrent.futures
— Launching parallel tasks - 16.5.
mmap
— Memory-mapped file support - 16.6.
readline
— GNU readline interface - 16.7.
rlcompleter
— Completion function for GNU readline - 16.8.
dummy_threading
— Drop-in replacement for thethreading
module - 16.9.
_thread
— Low-level threading API - 16.10.
_dummy_thread
— Drop-in replacement for the_thread
module
- 16.1.
- 17. Interprocess Communication and Networking
- 17.1.
subprocess
— Subprocess management - 17.2.
socket
— Low-level networking interface - 17.3.
ssl
— TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects - 17.4.
signal
— Set handlers for asynchronous events - 17.5.
asyncore
— Asynchronous socket handler - 17.6.
asynchat
— Asynchronous socket command/response handler
- 17.1.
- 18. Internet Data Handling
- 18.1.
email
— An email and MIME handling package- 18.1.1.
email
: Representing an email message - 18.1.2.
email
: Parsing email messages - 18.1.3.
email
: Generating MIME documents - 18.1.4.
email
: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch - 18.1.5.
email
: Internationalized headers - 18.1.6.
email
: Representing character sets - 18.1.7.
email
: Encoders - 18.1.8.
email
: Exception and Defect classes - 18.1.9.
email
: Miscellaneous utilities - 18.1.10.
email
: Iterators - 18.1.11.
email
: Examples - 18.1.12. Package History
- 18.1.13. Differences from
mimelib
- 18.1.1.
- 18.2.
json
— JSON encoder and decoder - 18.3.
mailcap
— Mailcap file handling - 18.4.
mailbox
— Manipulate mailboxes in various formats - 18.5.
mimetypes
— Map filenames to MIME types - 18.6.
base64
— RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings - 18.7.
binhex
— Encode and decode binhex4 files - 18.8.
binascii
— Convert between binary and ASCII - 18.9.
quopri
— Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data - 18.10.
uu
— Encode and decode uuencode files
- 18.1.
- 19. Structured Markup Processing Tools
- 19.1.
html
— HyperText Markup Language support - 19.2.
html.parser
— Simple HTML and XHTML parser - 19.3.
html.entities
— Definitions of HTML general entities - 19.4.
xml.parsers.expat
— Fast XML parsing using Expat - 19.5.
xml.dom
— The Document Object Model API- 19.5.1. Module Contents
- 19.5.2. Objects in the DOM
- 19.5.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects
- 19.5.2.2. Node Objects
- 19.5.2.3. NodeList Objects
- 19.5.2.4. DocumentType Objects
- 19.5.2.5. Document Objects
- 19.5.2.6. Element Objects
- 19.5.2.7. Attr Objects
- 19.5.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects
- 19.5.2.9. Comment Objects
- 19.5.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects
- 19.5.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects
- 19.5.2.12. Exceptions
- 19.5.3. Conformance
- 19.6.
xml.dom.minidom
— Lightweight DOM implementation - 19.7.
xml.dom.pulldom
— Support for building partial DOM trees - 19.8.
xml.sax
— Support for SAX2 parsers - 19.9.
xml.sax.handler
— Base classes for SAX handlers - 19.10.
xml.sax.saxutils
— SAX Utilities - 19.11.
xml.sax.xmlreader
— Interface for XML parsers - 19.12.
xml.etree.ElementTree
— The ElementTree XML API
- 19.1.
- 20. Internet Protocols and Support
- 20.1.
webbrowser
— Convenient Web-browser controller - 20.2.
cgi
— Common Gateway Interface support - 20.3.
cgitb
— Traceback manager for CGI scripts - 20.4.
wsgiref
— WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation - 20.5.
urllib.request
— Extensible library for opening URLs- 20.5.1. Request Objects
- 20.5.2. OpenerDirector Objects
- 20.5.3. BaseHandler Objects
- 20.5.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
- 20.5.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
- 20.5.6. ProxyHandler Objects
- 20.5.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
- 20.5.8. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
- 20.5.9. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
- 20.5.10. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
- 20.5.11. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
- 20.5.12. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
- 20.5.13. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
- 20.5.14. HTTPHandler Objects
- 20.5.15. HTTPSHandler Objects
- 20.5.16. FileHandler Objects
- 20.5.17. FTPHandler Objects
- 20.5.18. CacheFTPHandler Objects
- 20.5.19. UnknownHandler Objects
- 20.5.20. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
- 20.5.21. Examples
- 20.5.22. Legacy interface
- 20.5.23.
urllib.request
Restrictions
- 20.6.
urllib.response
— Response classes used by urllib - 20.7.
urllib.parse
— Parse URLs into components - 20.8.
urllib.error
— Exception classes raised by urllib.request - 20.9.
urllib.robotparser
— Parser for robots.txt - 20.10.
http.client
— HTTP protocol client - 20.11.
ftplib
— FTP protocol client - 20.12.
poplib
— POP3 protocol client - 20.13.
imaplib
— IMAP4 protocol client - 20.14.
nntplib
— NNTP protocol client - 20.15.
smtplib
— SMTP protocol client - 20.16.
smtpd
— SMTP Server - 20.17.
telnetlib
— Telnet client - 20.18.
uuid
— UUID objects according to RFC 4122 - 20.19.
socketserver
— A framework for network servers - 20.20.
http.server
— HTTP servers - 20.21.
http.cookies
— HTTP state management - 20.22.
http.cookiejar
— Cookie handling for HTTP clients - 20.23.
xmlrpc.client
— XML-RPC client access - 20.24.
xmlrpc.server
— Basic XML-RPC servers
- 20.1.
- 21. Multimedia Services
- 21.1.
audioop
— Manipulate raw audio data - 21.2.
aifc
— Read and write AIFF and AIFC files - 21.3.
sunau
— Read and write Sun AU files - 21.4.
wave
— Read and write WAV files - 21.5.
chunk
— Read IFF chunked data - 21.6.
colorsys
— Conversions between color systems - 21.7.
imghdr
— Determine the type of an image - 21.8.
sndhdr
— Determine type of sound file - 21.9.
ossaudiodev
— Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 21.1.
- 22. Internationalization
- 23. Program Frameworks
- 23.1.
turtle
— Turtle graphics- 23.1.1. Introduction
- 23.1.2. Overview of available Turtle and Screen methods
- 23.1.3. Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions
- 23.1.4. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions
- 23.1.5. Public classes
- 23.1.6. Help and configuration
- 23.1.7. Demo scripts
- 23.1.8. Changes since Python 2.6
- 23.1.9. Changes since Python 3.0
- 23.2.
cmd
— Support for line-oriented command interpreters - 23.3.
shlex
— Simple lexical analysis
- 23.1.
- 24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
- 24.1.
tkinter
— Python interface to Tcl/Tk - 24.2.
tkinter.ttk
— Tk themed widgets - 24.3.
tkinter.tix
— Extension widgets for Tk - 24.4.
tkinter.scrolledtext
— Scrolled Text Widget - 24.5. IDLE
- 24.6. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
- 24.1.
- 25. Development Tools
- 25.1.
pydoc
— Documentation generator and online help system - 25.2.
doctest
— Test interactive Python examples - 25.3.
unittest
— Unit testing framework - 25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
- 25.5.
test
— Regression tests package for Python - 25.6.
test.support
— Utilities for the Python test suite
- 25.1.
- 26. Debugging and Profiling
- 27. Python Runtime Services
- 27.1.
sys
— System-specific parameters and functions - 27.2.
sysconfig
— Provide access to Python’s configuration information - 27.3.
builtins
— Built-in objects - 27.4.
__main__
— Top-level script environment - 27.5.
warnings
— Warning control - 27.6.
contextlib
— Utilities forwith
-statement contexts - 27.7.
abc
— Abstract Base Classes - 27.8.
atexit
— Exit handlers - 27.9.
traceback
— Print or retrieve a stack traceback - 27.10.
__future__
— Future statement definitions - 27.11.
gc
— Garbage Collector interface - 27.12.
inspect
— Inspect live objects - 27.13.
site
— Site-specific configuration hook - 27.14.
fpectl
— Floating point exception control - 27.15.
distutils
— Building and installing Python modules
- 27.1.
- 28. Custom Python Interpreters
- 29. Importing Modules
- 30. Python Language Services
- 30.1.
parser
— Access Python parse trees - 30.2.
ast
— Abstract Syntax Trees - 30.3.
symtable
— Access to the compiler’s symbol tables - 30.4.
symbol
— Constants used with Python parse trees - 30.5.
token
— Constants used with Python parse trees - 30.6.
keyword
— Testing for Python keywords - 30.7.
tokenize
— Tokenizer for Python source - 30.8.
tabnanny
— Detection of ambiguous indentation - 30.9.
pyclbr
— Python class browser support - 30.10.
py_compile
— Compile Python source files - 30.11.
compileall
— Byte-compile Python libraries - 30.12.
dis
— Disassembler for Python bytecode - 30.13.
pickletools
— Tools for pickle developers
- 30.1.
- 31. Miscellaneous Services
- 32. MS Windows Specific Services
- 33. Unix Specific Services
- 33.1.
posix
— The most common POSIX system calls - 33.2.
pwd
— The password database - 33.3.
spwd
— The shadow password database - 33.4.
grp
— The group database - 33.5.
crypt
— Function to check Unix passwords - 33.6.
termios
— POSIX style tty control - 33.7.
tty
— Terminal control functions - 33.8.
pty
— Pseudo-terminal utilities - 33.9.
fcntl
— Thefcntl()
andioctl()
system calls - 33.10.
pipes
— Interface to shell pipelines - 33.11.
resource
— Resource usage information - 33.12.
nis
— Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages) - 33.13.
syslog
— Unix syslog library routines
- 33.1.
- 34. Undocumented Modules
- 扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器
- 1. Extending Python with C or C++
- 1.1. A Simple Example
- 1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions
- 1.3. Back to the Example
- 1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function
- 1.5. Compilation and Linkage
- 1.6. Calling Python Functions from C
- 1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions
- 1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions
- 1.9. Building Arbitrary Values
- 1.10. Reference Counts
- 1.11. Writing Extensions in C++
- 1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module
- 2. Defining New Types
- 3. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
- 4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
- 5. Embedding Python in Another Application
- 1. Extending Python with C or C++
- Python/C API 参考手册
- Introduction
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- Exception Handling
- Utilities
- Abstract Objects Layer
- Concrete Objects Layer
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- Memory Management
- Object Implementation Support
- Distributing Python Modules
- 1. An Introduction to Distutils
- 2. Writing the Setup Script
- 3. Writing the Setup Configuration File
- 4. Creating a Source Distribution
- 5. Creating Built Distributions
- 6. Registering with the Package Index
- 7. Uploading Packages to the Package Index
- 8. Examples
- 9. Extending Distutils
- 10. Command Reference
- 11. API Reference
- 11.1.
distutils.core
— Core Distutils functionality - 11.2.
distutils.ccompiler
— CCompiler base class - 11.3.
distutils.unixccompiler
— Unix C Compiler - 11.4.
distutils.msvccompiler
— Microsoft Compiler - 11.5.
distutils.bcppcompiler
— Borland Compiler - 11.6.
distutils.cygwincompiler
— Cygwin Compiler - 11.7.
distutils.emxccompiler
— OS/2 EMX Compiler - 11.8.
distutils.archive_util
— Archiving utilities - 11.9.
distutils.dep_util
— Dependency checking - 11.10.
distutils.dir_util
— Directory tree operations - 11.11.
distutils.file_util
— Single file operations - 11.12.
distutils.util
— Miscellaneous other utility functions - 11.13.
distutils.dist
— The Distribution class - 11.14.
distutils.extension
— The Extension class - 11.15.
distutils.debug
— Distutils debug mode - 11.16.
distutils.errors
— Distutils exceptions - 11.17.
distutils.fancy_getopt
— Wrapper around the standard getopt module - 11.18.
distutils.filelist
— The FileList class - 11.19.
distutils.log
— Simple PEP 282-style logging - 11.20.
distutils.spawn
— Spawn a sub-process - 11.21.
distutils.sysconfig
— System configuration information - 11.22.
distutils.text_file
— The TextFile class - 11.23.
distutils.version
— Version number classes - 11.24.
distutils.cmd
— Abstract base class for Distutils commands - 11.25. Creating a new Distutils command
- 11.26.
distutils.command
— Individual Distutils commands - 11.27.
distutils.command.bdist
— Build a binary installer - 11.28.
distutils.command.bdist_packager
— Abstract base class for packagers - 11.29.
distutils.command.bdist_dumb
— Build a “dumb” installer - 11.30.
distutils.command.bdist_msi
— Build a Microsoft Installer binary package - 11.31.
distutils.command.bdist_rpm
— Build a binary distribution as a Redhat RPM and SRPM - 11.32.
distutils.command.bdist_wininst
— Build a Windows installer - 11.33.
distutils.command.sdist
— Build a source distribution - 11.34.
distutils.command.build
— Build all files of a package - 11.35.
distutils.command.build_clib
— Build any C libraries in a package - 11.36.
distutils.command.build_ext
— Build any extensions in a package - 11.37.
distutils.command.build_py
— Build the .py/.pyc files of a package - 11.38.
distutils.command.build_scripts
— Build the scripts of a package - 11.39.
distutils.command.clean
— Clean a package build area - 11.40.
distutils.command.config
— Perform package configuration - 11.41.
distutils.command.install
— Install a package - 11.42.
distutils.command.install_data
— Install data files from a package - 11.43.
distutils.command.install_headers
— Install C/C++ header files from a package - 11.44.
distutils.command.install_lib
— Install library files from a package - 11.45.
distutils.command.install_scripts
— Install script files from a package - 11.46.
distutils.command.register
— Register a module with the Python Package Index - 11.47.
distutils.command.check
— Check the meta-data of a package
- 11.1.
- Installing Python Modules
- 编写 Python 的文档
- Python HOWTOs
- Python Advocacy HOWTO
- Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3
- Choosing a Strategy
- Python 3 and 3to2
- Python 2 and 2to3
- Support Python 2.7
- Try to Support Python 2.6 and Newer Only
- Supporting Python 2.5 and Newer Only
- Handle Common “Gotchas”
- Eliminate
-3
Warnings - Run 2to3
- Verify & Test
- Python 2/3 Compatible Source
- Other Resources
- Porting Extension Modules to 3.0
- Curses Programming with Python
- Descriptor HowTo Guide
- Functional Programming HOWTO
- Logging HOWTO
- Logging Cookbook
- Using logging in multiple modules
- Multiple handlers and formatters
- Logging to multiple destinations
- Configuration server example
- Dealing with handlers that block
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example
- Regular Expression HOWTO
- Socket Programming HOWTO
- Sorting HOW TO
- Unicode HOWTO
- HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using The urllib Package
- HOWTO Use Python in the web
- Python Frequently Asked Questions
- General Python FAQ
- Programming FAQ
- Design and History FAQ
- Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements?
- Why am I getting strange results with simple arithmetic operations?
- Why are floating point calculations so inaccurate?
- Why are Python strings immutable?
- Why must ‘self’ be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?
- Why can’t I use an assignment in an expression?
- Why does Python use methods for some functionality (e.g. list.index()) but functions for other (e.g. len(list))?
- Why is join() a string method instead of a list or tuple method?
- How fast are exceptions?
- Why isn’t there a switch or case statement in Python?
- Can’t you emulate threads in the interpreter instead of relying on an OS-specific thread implementation?
- Why can’t lambda forms contain statements?
- Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other language?
- How does Python manage memory?
- Why isn’t all memory freed when Python exits?
- Why are there separate tuple and list data types?
- How are lists implemented?
- How are dictionaries implemented?
- Why must dictionary keys be immutable?
- Why doesn’t list.sort() return the sorted list?
- How do you specify and enforce an interface spec in Python?
- Why are default values shared between objects?
- Why is there no goto?
- Why can’t raw strings (r-strings) end with a backslash?
- Why doesn’t Python have a “with” statement for attribute assignments?
- Why are colons required for the if/while/def/class statements?
- Why does Python allow commas at the end of lists and tuples?
- Library and Extension FAQ
- Extending/Embedding FAQ
- Can I create my own functions in C?
- Can I create my own functions in C++?
- Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?
- How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?
- How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?
- How do I extract C values from a Python object?
- How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?
- How do I call an object’s method from C?
- How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?
- How do I access a module written in Python from C?
- How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?
- I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?
- How do I debug an extension?
- I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?
- What does “SystemError: _PyImport_FixupExtension: module yourmodule not loaded” mean?
- How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”?
- How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?
- Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?
- When importing module X, why do I get “undefined symbol: PyUnicodeUCS2*”?
- Python on Windows FAQ
- How do I run a Python program under Windows?
- How do I make Python scripts executable?
- Why does Python sometimes take so long to start?
- Where is Freeze for Windows?
- Is a
*.pyd
file the same as a DLL? - How can I embed Python into a Windows application?
- How do I use Python for CGI?
- How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source?
- How do I check for a keypress without blocking?
- How do I emulate os.kill() in Windows?
- Why does os.path.isdir() fail on NT shared directories?
- cgi.py (or other CGI programming) doesn’t work sometimes on NT or win95!
- Why doesn’t os.popen() work in PythonWin on NT?
- Why doesn’t os.popen()/win32pipe.popen() work on Win9x?
- PyRun_SimpleFile() crashes on Windows but not on Unix; why?
- Importing _tkinter fails on Windows 95/98: why?
- How do I extract the downloaded documentation on Windows?
- Missing cw3215mt.dll (or missing cw3215.dll)
- Warning about CTL3D32 version from installer
- Graphic User Interface FAQ
- “Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ
- Glossary
- About these documents
- Reporting Bugs
- Copyright
- History and License