17.2. socket
— Low-level networking interface¶
This module provides access to the BSD socket interface. It is available on all modern Unix systems, Windows, MacOS, OS/2, and probably additional platforms.
Note
Some behavior may be platform dependent, since calls are made to the operating system socket APIs.
The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the Unix system
call and library interface for sockets to Python’s object-oriented style: the
socket()
function returns a socket object whose methods implement
the various socket system calls. Parameter types are somewhat higher-level than
in the C interface: as with read()
and write()
operations on Python
files, buffer allocation on receive operations is automatic, and buffer length
is implicit on send operations.
See also
- Module
socketserver
- Classes that simplify writing network servers.
- Module
ssl
- A TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects.
17.2.1. Socket families¶
Depending on the system and the build options, various socket families are supported by this module.
Socket addresses are represented as follows:
A single string is used for the
AF_UNIX
address family.A pair
(host, port)
is used for theAF_INET
address family, where host is a string representing either a hostname in Internet domain notation like'daring.cwi.nl'
or an IPv4 address like'100.50.200.5'
, and port is an integral port number.For
AF_INET6
address family, a four-tuple(host, port, flowinfo, scopeid)
is used, where flowinfo and scopeid represent thesin6_flowinfo
andsin6_scope_id
members instruct sockaddr_in6
in C. Forsocket
module methods, flowinfo and scopeid can be omitted just for backward compatibility. Note, however, omission of scopeid can cause problems in manipulating scoped IPv6 addresses.AF_NETLINK
sockets are represented as pairs(pid, groups)
.Linux-only support for TIPC is available using the
AF_TIPC
address family. TIPC is an open, non-IP based networked protocol designed for use in clustered computer environments. Addresses are represented by a tuple, and the fields depend on the address type. The general tuple form is(addr_type, v1, v2, v3 [, scope])
, where:addr_type is one of TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ, TIPC_ADDR_NAME, or TIPC_ADDR_ID.
scope is one of TIPC_ZONE_SCOPE, TIPC_CLUSTER_SCOPE, and TIPC_NODE_SCOPE.
If addr_type is TIPC_ADDR_NAME, then v1 is the server type, v2 is the port identifier, and v3 should be 0.
If addr_type is TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ, then v1 is the server type, v2 is the lower port number, and v3 is the upper port number.
If addr_type is TIPC_ADDR_ID, then v1 is the node, v2 is the reference, and v3 should be set to 0.
If addr_type is TIPC_ADDR_ID, then v1 is the node, v2 is the reference, and v3 should be set to 0.
Certain other address families (
AF_BLUETOOTH
,AF_PACKET
) support specific representations.
For IPv4 addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a host address:
the empty string represents INADDR_ANY
, and the string
'<broadcast>'
represents INADDR_BROADCAST
. This behavior is not
compatible with IPv6, therefore, you may want to avoid these if you intend
to support IPv6 with your Python programs.
If you use a hostname in the host portion of IPv4/v6 socket address, the program may show a nondeterministic behavior, as Python uses the first address returned from the DNS resolution. The socket address will be resolved differently into an actual IPv4/v6 address, depending on the results from DNS resolution and/or the host configuration. For deterministic behavior use a numeric address in host portion.
All errors raise exceptions. The normal exceptions for invalid argument types
and out-of-memory conditions can be raised; errors related to socket or address
semantics raise socket.error
or one of its subclasses.
Non-blocking mode is supported through setblocking()
. A
generalization of this based on timeouts is supported through
settimeout()
.
17.2.2. Module contents¶
The module socket
exports the following constants and functions:
-
exception
socket.
error
¶ A subclass of
IOError
, this exception is raised for socket-related errors. It is recommended that you inspect itserrno
attribute to discriminate between different kinds of errors.See also
The
errno
module contains symbolic names for the error codes defined by the underlying operating system.
-
exception
socket.
herror
¶ A subclass of
socket.error
, this exception is raised for address-related errors, i.e. for functions that use h_errno in the POSIX C API, includinggethostbyname_ex()
andgethostbyaddr()
. The accompanying value is a pair(h_errno, string)
representing an error returned by a library call. h_errno is a numeric value, while string represents the description of h_errno, as returned by thehstrerror()
C function.
-
exception
socket.
gaierror
¶ A subclass of
socket.error
, this exception is raised for address-related errors bygetaddrinfo()
andgetnameinfo()
. The accompanying value is a pair(error, string)
representing an error returned by a library call. string represents the description of error, as returned by thegai_strerror()
C function. The numeric error value will match one of theEAI_*
constants defined in this module.
-
exception
socket.
timeout
¶ A subclass of
socket.error
, this exception is raised when a timeout occurs on a socket which has had timeouts enabled via a prior call tosettimeout()
(or implicitly throughsetdefaulttimeout()
). The accompanying value is a string whose value is currently always “timed out”.
-
socket.
AF_UNIX
¶ -
socket.
AF_INET
¶ -
socket.
AF_INET6
¶ These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the first argument to
socket()
. If theAF_UNIX
constant is not defined then this protocol is unsupported. More constants may be available depending on the system.
-
socket.
SOCK_STREAM
¶ -
socket.
SOCK_DGRAM
¶ -
socket.
SOCK_RAW
¶ -
socket.
SOCK_RDM
¶ -
socket.
SOCK_SEQPACKET
¶ These constants represent the socket types, used for the second argument to
socket()
. More constants may be available depending on the system. (OnlySOCK_STREAM
andSOCK_DGRAM
appear to be generally useful.)
-
socket.
SOCK_CLOEXEC
¶ -
socket.
SOCK_NONBLOCK
¶ These two constants, if defined, can be combined with the socket types and allow you to set some flags atomically (thus avoiding possible race conditions and the need for separate calls).
See also
Secure File Descriptor Handling for a more thorough explanation.
Availability: Linux >= 2.6.27.
New in version 3.2:
New in version 3.2.
-
SO_*
-
socket.
SOMAXCONN
¶ -
MSG_*
-
SOL_*
-
IPPROTO_*
-
IPPORT_*
-
INADDR_*
-
IP_*
-
IPV6_*
-
EAI_*
-
AI_*
-
NI_*
-
TCP_*
Many constants of these forms, documented in the Unix documentation on sockets and/or the IP protocol, are also defined in the socket module. They are generally used in arguments to the
setsockopt()
andgetsockopt()
methods of socket objects. In most cases, only those symbols that are defined in the Unix header files are defined; for a few symbols, default values are provided.
-
SIO_*
-
RCVALL_*
Constants for Windows’ WSAIoctl(). The constants are used as arguments to the
ioctl()
method of socket objects.
-
TIPC_*
TIPC related constants, matching the ones exported by the C socket API. See the TIPC documentation for more information.
-
socket.
has_ipv6
¶ This constant contains a boolean value which indicates if IPv6 is supported on this platform.
-
socket.
create_connection
(address[, timeout[, source_address]])¶ Convenience function. Connect to address (a 2-tuple
(host, port)
), and return the socket object. Passing the optional timeout parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance before attempting to connect. If no timeout is supplied, the global default timeout setting returned bygetdefaulttimeout()
is used.If supplied, source_address must be a 2-tuple
(host, port)
for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If host or port are ‘’ or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will be used.Changed in version 3.2:
Changed in version 3.2: source_address was added.
Changed in version 3.2:
Changed in version 3.2: support for the with
statement was added.
-
socket.
getaddrinfo
(host, port, family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0)¶ Translate the host/port argument into a sequence of 5-tuples that contain all the necessary arguments for creating a socket connected to that service. host is a domain name, a string representation of an IPv4/v6 address or
None
. port is a string service name such as'http'
, a numeric port number orNone
. By passingNone
as the value of host and port, you can passNULL
to the underlying C API.The family, type and proto arguments can be optionally specified in order to narrow the list of addresses returned. Passing zero as a value for each of these arguments selects the full range of results. The flags argument can be one or several of the
AI_*
constants, and will influence how results are computed and returned. For example,AI_NUMERICHOST
will disable domain name resolution and will raise an error if host is a domain name.The function returns a list of 5-tuples with the following structure:
(family, type, proto, canonname, sockaddr)
In these tuples, family, type, proto are all integers and are meant to be passed to the
socket()
function. canonname will be a string representing the canonical name of the host ifAI_CANONNAME
is part of the flags argument; else canonname will be empty. sockaddr is a tuple describing a socket address, whose format depends on the returned family (a(address, port)
2-tuple forAF_INET
, a(address, port, flow info, scope id)
4-tuple forAF_INET6
), and is meant to be passed to thesocket.connect()
method.The following example fetches address information for a hypothetical TCP connection to
www.python.org
on port 80 (results may differ on your system if IPv6 isn’t enabled):>>> socket.getaddrinfo("www.python.org", 80, proto=socket.SOL_TCP) [(2, 1, 6, '', ('82.94.164.162', 80)), (10, 1, 6, '', ('2001:888:2000:d::a2', 80, 0, 0))]
Changed in version 3.2:
Changed in version 3.2: parameters can now be passed as single keyword arguments.
-
socket.
getfqdn
([name])¶ Return a fully qualified domain name for name. If name is omitted or empty, it is interpreted as the local host. To find the fully qualified name, the hostname returned by
gethostbyaddr()
is checked, followed by aliases for the host, if available. The first name which includes a period is selected. In case no fully qualified domain name is available, the hostname as returned bygethostname()
is returned.
-
socket.
gethostbyname
(hostname)¶ Translate a host name to IPv4 address format. The IPv4 address is returned as a string, such as
'100.50.200.5'
. If the host name is an IPv4 address itself it is returned unchanged. Seegethostbyname_ex()
for a more complete interface.gethostbyname()
does not support IPv6 name resolution, andgetaddrinfo()
should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.
-
socket.
gethostbyname_ex
(hostname)¶ Translate a host name to IPv4 address format, extended interface. Return a triple
(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)
where hostname is the primary host name responding to the given ip_address, aliaslist is a (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and ipaddrlist is a list of IPv4 addresses for the same interface on the same host (often but not always a single address).gethostbyname_ex()
does not support IPv6 name resolution, andgetaddrinfo()
should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.
-
socket.
gethostname
()¶ Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where the Python interpreter is currently executing.
If you want to know the current machine’s IP address, you may want to use
gethostbyname(gethostname())
. This operation assumes that there is a valid address-to-host mapping for the host, and the assumption does not always hold.Note:
gethostname()
doesn’t always return the fully qualified domain name; usegetfqdn()
(see above).
-
socket.
gethostbyaddr
(ip_address)¶ Return a triple
(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)
where hostname is the primary host name responding to the given ip_address, aliaslist is a (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and ipaddrlist is a list of IPv4/v6 addresses for the same interface on the same host (most likely containing only a single address). To find the fully qualified domain name, use the functiongetfqdn()
.gethostbyaddr()
supports both IPv4 and IPv6.
-
socket.
getnameinfo
(sockaddr, flags)¶ Translate a socket address sockaddr into a 2-tuple
(host, port)
. Depending on the settings of flags, the result can contain a fully-qualified domain name or numeric address representation in host. Similarly, port can contain a string port name or a numeric port number.
-
socket.
getprotobyname
(protocolname)¶ Translate an Internet protocol name (for example,
'icmp'
) to a constant suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to thesocket()
function. This is usually only needed for sockets opened in “raw” mode (SOCK_RAW
); for the normal socket modes, the correct protocol is chosen automatically if the protocol is omitted or zero.
-
socket.
getservbyname
(servicename[, protocolname])¶ Translate an Internet service name and protocol name to a port number for that service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be
'tcp'
or'udp'
, otherwise any protocol will match.
-
socket.
getservbyport
(port[, protocolname])¶ Translate an Internet port number and protocol name to a service name for that service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be
'tcp'
or'udp'
, otherwise any protocol will match.
-
socket.
socket
([family[, type[, proto]]])¶ Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and protocol number. The address family should be
AF_INET
(the default),AF_INET6
orAF_UNIX
. The socket type should beSOCK_STREAM
(the default),SOCK_DGRAM
or perhaps one of the otherSOCK_
constants. The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted in that case.
-
socket.
socketpair
([family[, type[, proto]]])¶ Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address family, socket type, and protocol number. Address family, socket type, and protocol number are as for the
socket()
function above. The default family isAF_UNIX
if defined on the platform; otherwise, the default isAF_INET
. Availability: Unix.Changed in version 3.2:
Changed in version 3.2: The returned socket objects now support the whole socket API, rather than a subset.
-
socket.
fromfd
(fd, family, type[, proto])¶ Duplicate the file descriptor fd (an integer as returned by a file object’s
fileno()
method) and build a socket object from the result. Address family, socket type and protocol number are as for thesocket()
function above. The file descriptor should refer to a socket, but this is not checked — subsequent operations on the object may fail if the file descriptor is invalid. This function is rarely needed, but can be used to get or set socket options on a socket passed to a program as standard input or output (such as a server started by the Unix inet daemon). The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode.
-
socket.
ntohl
(x)¶ Convert 32-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
-
socket.
ntohs
(x)¶ Convert 16-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
-
socket.
htonl
(x)¶ Convert 32-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
-
socket.
htons
(x)¶ Convert 16-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
-
socket.
inet_aton
(ip_string)¶ Convert an IPv4 address from dotted-quad string format (for example, ‘123.45.67.89’) to 32-bit packed binary format, as a bytes object four characters in length. This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library and needs objects of type
struct in_addr
, which is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary this function returns.inet_aton()
also accepts strings with less than three dots; see the Unix manual page inet(3) for details.If the IPv4 address string passed to this function is invalid,
socket.error
will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on the underlying C implementation ofinet_aton()
.inet_aton()
does not support IPv6, andinet_pton()
should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.
-
socket.
inet_ntoa
(packed_ip)¶ Convert a 32-bit packed IPv4 address (a bytes object four characters in length) to its standard dotted-quad string representation (for example, ‘123.45.67.89’). This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library and needs objects of type
struct in_addr
, which is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary data this function takes as an argument.If the byte sequence passed to this function is not exactly 4 bytes in length,
socket.error
will be raised.inet_ntoa()
does not support IPv6, andinet_ntop()
should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.
-
socket.
inet_pton
(address_family, ip_string)¶ Convert an IP address from its family-specific string format to a packed, binary format.
inet_pton()
is useful when a library or network protocol calls for an object of typestruct in_addr
(similar toinet_aton()
) orstruct in6_addr
.Supported values for address_family are currently
AF_INET
andAF_INET6
. If the IP address string ip_string is invalid,socket.error
will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on both the value of address_family and the underlying implementation ofinet_pton()
.Availability: Unix (maybe not all platforms).
-
socket.
inet_ntop
(address_family, packed_ip)¶ Convert a packed IP address (a bytes object of some number of characters) to its standard, family-specific string representation (for example,
'7.10.0.5'
or'5aef:2b::8'
).inet_ntop()
is useful when a library or network protocol returns an object of typestruct in_addr
(similar toinet_ntoa()
) orstruct in6_addr
.Supported values for address_family are currently
AF_INET
andAF_INET6
. If the string packed_ip is not the correct length for the specified address family,ValueError
will be raised. Asocket.error
is raised for errors from the call toinet_ntop()
.Availability: Unix (maybe not all platforms).
-
socket.
getdefaulttimeout
()¶ Return the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. A value of
None
indicates that new socket objects have no timeout. When the socket module is first imported, the default isNone
.
-
socket.
setdefaulttimeout
(timeout)¶ Set the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. When the socket module is first imported, the default is
None
. Seesettimeout()
for possible values and their respective meanings.
-
socket.
SocketType
¶ This is a Python type object that represents the socket object type. It is the same as
type(socket(...))
.
17.2.3. Socket Objects¶
Socket objects have the following methods. Except for makefile()
these
correspond to Unix system calls applicable to sockets.
-
socket.
accept
()¶ Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections. The return value is a pair
(conn, address)
where conn is a new socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and address is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection.
-
socket.
bind
(address)¶ Bind the socket to address. The socket must not already be bound. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.)
-
socket.
close
()¶ Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object will fail. The remote end will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed). Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected.
Note
close()
releases the resource associated with a connection but does not necessarily close the connection immediately. If you want to close the connection in a timely fashion, callshutdown()
beforeclose()
.
-
socket.
connect
(address)¶ Connect to a remote socket at address. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.)
-
socket.
connect_ex
(address)¶ Like
connect(address)
, but return an error indicator instead of raising an exception for errors returned by the C-levelconnect()
call (other problems, such as “host not found,” can still raise exceptions). The error indicator is0
if the operation succeeded, otherwise the value of theerrno
variable. This is useful to support, for example, asynchronous connects.
-
socket.
detach
()¶ Put the socket object into closed state without actually closing the underlying file descriptor. The file descriptor is returned, and can be reused for other purposes.
New in version 3.2:
New in version 3.2.
-
socket.
fileno
()¶ Return the socket’s file descriptor (a small integer). This is useful with
select.select()
.Under Windows the small integer returned by this method cannot be used where a file descriptor can be used (such as
os.fdopen()
). Unix does not have this limitation.
-
socket.
getpeername
()¶ Return the remote address to which the socket is connected. This is useful to find out the port number of a remote IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on the address family — see above.) On some systems this function is not supported.
-
socket.
getsockname
()¶ Return the socket’s own address. This is useful to find out the port number of an IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on the address family — see above.)
-
socket.
getsockopt
(level, optname[, buflen])¶ Return the value of the given socket option (see the Unix man page getsockopt(2)). The needed symbolic constants (
SO_*
etc.) are defined in this module. If buflen is absent, an integer option is assumed and its integer value is returned by the function. If buflen is present, it specifies the maximum length of the buffer used to receive the option in, and this buffer is returned as a bytes object. It is up to the caller to decode the contents of the buffer (see the optional built-in modulestruct
for a way to decode C structures encoded as byte strings).
-
socket.
gettimeout
()¶ Return the timeout in seconds (float) associated with socket operations, or
None
if no timeout is set. This reflects the last call tosetblocking()
orsettimeout()
.
-
socket.
ioctl
(control, option)¶ Platform: Windows The
ioctl()
method is a limited interface to the WSAIoctl system interface. Please refer to the Win32 documentation for more information.On other platforms, the generic
fcntl.fcntl()
andfcntl.ioctl()
functions may be used; they accept a socket object as their first argument.
-
socket.
listen
(backlog)¶ Listen for connections made to the socket. The backlog argument specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at least 0; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5), the minimum value is forced to 0.
-
socket.
makefile
(mode='r', buffering=None, *, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)¶ Return a file object associated with the socket. The exact returned type depends on the arguments given to
makefile()
. These arguments are interpreted the same way as by the built-inopen()
function.Closing the file object won’t close the socket unless there are no remaining references to the socket. The socket must be in blocking mode; it can have a timeout, but the file object’s internal buffer may end up in a inconsistent state if a timeout occurs.
Note
On Windows, the file-like object created by
makefile()
cannot be used where a file object with a file descriptor is expected, such as the stream arguments ofsubprocess.Popen()
.
-
socket.
recv
(bufsize[, flags])¶ Receive data from the socket. The return value is a bytes object representing the data received. The maximum amount of data to be received at once is specified by bufsize. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero.
Note
For best match with hardware and network realities, the value of bufsize should be a relatively small power of 2, for example, 4096.
-
socket.
recvfrom
(bufsize[, flags])¶ Receive data from the socket. The return value is a pair
(bytes, address)
where bytes is a bytes object representing the data received and address is the address of the socket sending the data. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.)
-
socket.
recvfrom_into
(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]])¶ Receive data from the socket, writing it into buffer instead of creating a new bytestring. The return value is a pair
(nbytes, address)
where nbytes is the number of bytes received and address is the address of the socket sending the data. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.)
-
socket.
recv_into
(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]])¶ Receive up to nbytes bytes from the socket, storing the data into a buffer rather than creating a new bytestring. If nbytes is not specified (or 0), receive up to the size available in the given buffer. Returns the number of bytes received. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero.
-
socket.
send
(bytes[, flags])¶ Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The optional flags argument has the same meaning as for
recv()
above. Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are responsible for checking that all data has been sent; if only some of the data was transmitted, the application needs to attempt delivery of the remaining data.
-
socket.
sendall
(bytes[, flags])¶ Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The optional flags argument has the same meaning as for
recv()
above. Unlikesend()
, this method continues to send data from bytes until either all data has been sent or an error occurs.None
is returned on success. On error, an exception is raised, and there is no way to determine how much data, if any, was successfully sent.
-
socket.
sendto
(bytes, [flags, ]address)¶ Send data to the socket. The socket should not be connected to a remote socket, since the destination socket is specified by address. The optional flags argument has the same meaning as for
recv()
above. Return the number of bytes sent. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.)
-
socket.
setblocking
(flag)¶ Set blocking or non-blocking mode of the socket: if flag is false, the socket is set to non-blocking, else to blocking mode.
This method is a shorthand for certain
settimeout()
calls:sock.setblocking(True)
is equivalent tosock.settimeout(None)
sock.setblocking(False)
is equivalent tosock.settimeout(0.0)
-
socket.
settimeout
(value)¶ Set a timeout on blocking socket operations. The value argument can be a nonnegative floating point number expressing seconds, or
None
. If a non-zero value is given, subsequent socket operations will raise atimeout
exception if the timeout period value has elapsed before the operation has completed. If zero is given, the socket is put in non-blocking mode. IfNone
is given, the socket is put in blocking mode.For further information, please consult the notes on socket timeouts.
-
socket.
setsockopt
(level, optname, value)¶ Set the value of the given socket option (see the Unix manual page setsockopt(2)). The needed symbolic constants are defined in the
socket
module (SO_*
etc.). The value can be an integer or a bytes object representing a buffer. In the latter case it is up to the caller to ensure that the bytestring contains the proper bits (see the optional built-in modulestruct
for a way to encode C structures as bytestrings).
-
socket.
shutdown
(how)¶ Shut down one or both halves of the connection. If how is
SHUT_RD
, further receives are disallowed. If how isSHUT_WR
, further sends are disallowed. If how isSHUT_RDWR
, further sends and receives are disallowed. Depending on the platform, shutting down one half of the connection can also close the opposite half (e.g. on Mac OS X,shutdown(SHUT_WR)
does not allow further reads on the other end of the connection).
Note that there are no methods read()
or write()
; use
recv()
and send()
without flags argument instead.
Socket objects also have these (read-only) attributes that correspond to the
values given to the socket
constructor.
-
socket.
family
¶ The socket family.
-
socket.
type
¶ The socket type.
-
socket.
proto
¶ The socket protocol.